HIERARCHIES VERSUS NETWORKS. THE IMPORTANCE OF LEADERLESS RESISTANCE IN THE NETWAR

Main Article Content

Elżbieta Posłuszna
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8652-5729

Abstract

The article is a polemic with the statement that netwar, due to the use of non-military means (including information and cybernetic tools) and the involvement of non-centralized, socially recruited and recruiting themselves individuals and groups, is a conflict of relatively low intensity, and therefore does not pose a significant threat to the security of states and societies. Such a statement, according to the author, is at least risky. It does not take into account either the strong social mobilization resulting from the possibility of attracting a broad, global audience ”or the issue”, or the growing importance of new organizational forms – new network models, more secure (if we take into account resistance to surveillance) and effective (if take into account the ability to inflict high losses with the participation of a minimum of involved resources) than the existing hierarchical structures taking part in the fight.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Posłuszna, E. (2023). HIERARCHIES VERSUS NETWORKS. THE IMPORTANCE OF LEADERLESS RESISTANCE IN THE NETWAR. Aviation and Security Issues, 3(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.55676/asi.v3i1.20
Section
Articles

References

Artykuły i monografie

Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D., The Advent of Netwar (Revisited), [w:] Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, red. J. Arquilla, D. Ronfeldt, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica 2001.

Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D., The Advent of Netwar, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica 1996.

Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D., The Advent of Netwar: Analytic Background, „Studies in Conflict & Terrorism” 1999, nr 22.

Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D., Zanini M., Networks, Netwar, and Information-Age Terrorism, [w:] I.O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B.M. Jenkins, Countering the New Terrorism, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica 1999.

Beam L.R., Leaderless Resistance, „The Seditionist” 1992, nr 12.

Blyth T., Terrorism as Technology: a Discussion of the Theoretical Underpinnings, [w:]Technology and Terrorism, red. D. Clarke, Transaction Publischers, New Brunswick–London 2004.

Cohen F., Terrorism and Cyberspace, „Network Security” 2002, nr 5.

Edwards S.J.A., Swarming and the Future of Warfare, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica 2005.

Gerlach L.P., Hine V.H., People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis 1970.

Hoffman B., Oblicza terroryzmu, Bertelsmann Media, Warszawa 2001.

Lia B., Globalisation and the Future of Terrorism. Patterns and Predictions, Routledge, London–New York 2005.

Martin G., Understanding Terrorism. Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, Thousand Oaks, London–New Delhi 2003.

Pickerill J., Cyberprotest. Environmental Activism Online, Manchester University Press, Manchester–New York 2003.

Zanini M., Edwards S.J.A., The Networking of Terror in the Information Age, [w:] Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, red. J. Arquilla,

D. Ronfeldt, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica 2001.

Źródła internetowe

Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D., Networks and Netwar, http://radio-weblogs.com/0107127/stories/2002/09/10/networksAndNetwar.html [dostęp: 19.02.2011].

Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D., Swarming and the Future of Conflict, RAND National Defense Research Institute, Santa Monica 2000, http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/swarming%20DB311.pdf [dostęp: 18.02.2011].

Barabàsi A.L., Bonabeau E., Scale Free Networks, „Scale Free Networks” May 2003, http://www.scribd.com/doc/6152736/Scale-Free-Networks-and-How-they-impact-everything-by-AlbertLaszlo-Barabasi-and-Eric-Bonabeau [dostęp: 16.12.2009].

Edwards S.J.A., Swarming on the Battlefield: Past, Present, and Future, Rand Corporation, 2000,

http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1100.html [dostęp: 16.02.2011].

Marighella C., Minimanual of the Urban Guerilla, Paladin Press, Boulder 1975, http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/marighella.htm; http://www.investigatingtheterror.com/documents/files/Mini-Manual%20of%20the%20Urban%20Guerrilla%20-%20Carlos%20Marighella%20(1969).pdf [dostęp: 18.02.2011].