Aviation and Security Issues

APPLICATION OF UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS IN THE AIR FORCE

Adam Rurak — 2023-06-30

The article discusses the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in Iraq and Afghanistan. During the operation in Afghanistan the RQ-1A was used for the first time to carry out assault missions. The legal aspects of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the Polish airspace are described. They determine the increase in the use of UAVs. The tasks that are and can be carried out by UAV in modern combat operations and the directions of their further development are also presented

DIAGNOSIS OF THE USE OF F-35 AIRCRAFT IN THE POLISH AIR FORCE. OUTLINE OF THE ISSUES

Marcin Sztobryn — 2023-12-30

The delivery of 32 F-35 aircraft is a huge opportunity for a generational and qualitative leap for the Air Force of the Republic of Poland. F-35 aircraft can be successfully implemented into the operational process. As a network-centric fighter, extremely lethal and survivable, the F-35 guarantees its pilots critical dominance over any opponent, allowing them to carry out their missions and return to the indicated location in complete safety. The F-35 aircraft is a differentiator in warfare, becoming the most advanced node of the network operational vision of 21st century warfare. The aim of the article was to present selected possibilities of using F-35 aircraft in the Polish Air Force. The main research methods here are: literature research, analysis, comparative studies and generalization. The presented results of scientific investigations allowed to clearly indicate the potential resulting from the purchase of the new platform. Possible tasks for the Polish F-35 aircraft will become implementation of Air Superiority, Air Supremacy, Strategic Attack, Intelligence, Surveillance, and

RELIABILITY OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES: WINGLETS’ ISSUE

Anna Michalska — 2023-06-30

The reliability of the military equipment determines the possibility of the success of the mission. This paper focuses on identifying damage to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles during their operation. The research problem was expressed by the question: which UAV elements are most often damaged, and what causes it. The research is based on the analysis of technical documents, an electronic damage archiving system, and manufacturer documentation. These studies were complemented by empirical research conducted at the 12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base in Mirosławiec, Poland. The initial phase involved identifying damages affecting the operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Subsequently, the reliability measure was determined for the repairable two-state object, excluding repair time.

THE APPLICATION OF THE METHODOLOGY TO DEFINE TERRAIN PASSABILITY ON A DETAILED LEVEL IN VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS

Wojciech Dawid — 2023-06-30

The article presents a complete methodology to determine terrain passability as well as its application based on various configurations of input data. The methodology was developed with the use of the methods that had been created by the authors in their previous research projects. The determination of terrain passability consists of two stages: The first stage involves conducting the analysis of micro-relief with the aim to identify impassable spots in the area, while the second stage consists in determining the route for a specific vehicle that will avoid the existing obstacles formed by the micro-relief. Both these analyses generate results based only on a detailed digital terrain model (with a resolution of 1 m) and the traction parameters of the vehicles for which terrain passability is determined. One of the processes that are part of this methodology is the generalisation of the digital terrain model, which significantly improves the efficiency of the performed calculations. Test results demonstrated that the presented methodology enables successful automated generation of passability maps for specific vehicles and the creation of routes for such vehicles. The routes differ depending on the type of vehicle, which results directly from the fact that vehicles have different traction parameters. Nevertheless, the test results were satisfactory and demonstrated that the developed methodology may be applied by bodies that are responsible for planning military operations or crisis management activities.

DIAGNOSIS OF ISRAEL'S DEFENSIVE ACTIONS AGAINST TERRORIST ROCKET AND MORTAR ATTACKS IN THE YEARS 2001-2012

Adam Radomyski — 2023-06-30

The threat to Israel from rocket and mortar attacks has been increasing in terms of strength and impact year after year. It can be assumed that rocket and mortar attacks have become the most dangerous weapons used by terrorist groups from Palestine and Lebanon, following suicide bombings. The two largest terrorist organizations, namely Hamas and Hezbollah, play a leading role in these actions. As this form of terrorism evolved, Israel had to improve the effectiveness of its defense system, resulting in a more efficient protection of civilian population and civil and military infrastructure against rocket and mortar attacks. The changes in the defense system required years of work, with a particular intensity during the years 2006-2012. The implemented changes in the security system led to the development of two forms of defense: passive and active, which are constantly modified and improved. The aim of this article was to characterize Israel's defense against rocket and mortar attacks carried out by terrorist groups in the years 2001-2012. The research conducted for this purpose has a practical nature, as it is based on facts and real actions implemented by Israel to minimize civilian casualties. The analysis begins in 2001 when the first rocket attacks on Israeli territory took place.

ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT POSITIONING USING NAVIGATIONAL DATA FROM AVIA-W RADAR

Kamil Krasuski — 2023-12-30

The paper presents an analysis of the accuracy of determination of parameters of the position of aircraft using data from the AVIA-W radar. In the first place, the authors determined the position of the aircraft as well as the range and azimuth parameters by the AVIA-W radar, located in Dęblin. This was followed by a determination of the absolute position error of the aircraft and the determination of the range and azimuth measurement error by the AVIA-W radar. The research test was carried out using a Diamond DA40 NG aircraft on which a GPS satellite receiver was mounted in order to determine the flight reference position. In addition, the range and azimuth measurements for the aircraft were acquired from the AVIA-W radar. Navigational calculations were conducted for polar and rectangular planar coordinates. Based on the performed research, the azimuth error was found to be –1.4^o, while the radar range measurement error was equal to –0.04 km. The conducted research is experimental in its character. In the future it will be repeated and extended to the GCA-2000 radar, which is also located at Dęblin military airfield.

GALILEO HAS – FIRST PERFORMANCE TESTS DURING ITS INITIAL PHASE OF OPERATION

Jarosław Cydejko — 2023-06-30

Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) became available in January 2023. As declared, in its final operational capability, it should be able to provide to users the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) at horizontal accuracy level better than 20 cm in real-time with 95% confidence globally. At the moment Galileo HAS works in its initial phase of operation with some limitations regarding its availability, convergence time and accuracy but gives the chance to observe the performance of positioning tool at the accuracy level which was available before by using differential measurement only. Galileo HAS PPP, free of charge and based only on satellite signals delivered by nominal Galileo constellation is unique in its kind between various GNSS positioning modes. This article presents the results of first, preliminary tests on Galileo HAS performance conducted in July 2023 in Gdynia, Poland. The field tests were conducted with Galileo HAS capable receiver in static conditions and focused on the verification the declared service performance in the real positioning scenarios. Additionally, the Galileo HAS PPP performance was compared with the simultaneous performance of other GNSS positioning methods such as EGNOS, DGPS, dual frequency GPS+Galileo or dual frequency GPS and dual frequency Galileo. This first experiences with Galileo HAS positioning should show all potential users what performance level can be achieved with this new, unique in its kind GNSS positioning method at the present state of its implementation.

SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO AND OPEN SOFTWARE AS A CRITICAL THREAT FOR UNMANNED OBJECTS

Andrzej Felski — 2023-06-30

Implementation of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems into almost all aspects of life causes specific, new troubles in the form of jamming and spoofing. The origin of the problem comes from the fact that the power of received signals are weak, and format and modulation of the signals are publicly known. If so, it seems to be easy to transmit falsified data to the receiver. However, in the opinion of some specialists the idea to generate false signals with GNSS structure seems to be very complicated. In this paper will show that in fact, this can be conducted with the use of cheap and widely accessible tools, without demanding any extraordinary skills or great funds. If so, this threat gathers a new meaning. The described experiment was performed within the framework of the student’s thesis on major navigation with cheap software defined radio and open sources software, accessible via the Internet.

ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENON OF FOG IN THE ASPECT OF PERFORMANCE OF AIR OPERATIONS AT SELECTED AIRPORTS IN POLAND

Małgorzata Kirschenstein — 2023-06-30

The article presents an analysis of the phenomenon of fog in terms of the performance of flight operations at selected airports in Poland in 1971–2020. The rationale for choosing the topic is the practical use of the results obtained in aviation. Takeoff and landing operations depend primarily on weather conditions. Among the most important is fog that limits visibility to less than 1000 meters. During the presence of visibility limitation, aircraft and airports should be equipped with systems that allow departure and landing approach procedures to be performed without visibility, otherwise flight operations should be halted, due to the high probability of dangerous situations. In view of the above, the statistical study of the frequency and duration of fog, as well as the determination of periods of their severity, constitutes important knowledge in the aspect of air traffic management. It was assumed that the realization of the purpose of the article will be based on the analysis of temporal variability and its regional variation, expressed in the spatial distribution of the number and duration of fog at selected airports in Poland. The dynamic inclusion of the selected element is a very important problem, the solution of which will make it possible to determine the individual characteristics of multi-year fog variability.

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF PRECISE POINT POSITIONING WITH MULTI-CONSTELLATION GNSS DATA UNDER STRONG SOLAR BURST EFECTS

Stepan Savchuk — 2023-06-30

Solar variations modify a layer of the Earth’s upper atmosphere known as the ionosphere. This is of particular concern for the aviation sector because of the way its communications and navigation systems can be affected. At the same time, one of the most complex atmospheric effects is the response of ionospheric regions to geomagnetic storms. The ionospheric response during the same storm can vary in time in different locations, which can introduce significant errors/displacement (meters) in single-frequency relative GNSS positioning (DGNSS technology). The residual effect can be somewhat mitigated by using dual- or multi-frequency GNSS, but dual frequency is not a guarantee against degradation of relative observations results, especially during significant geomagnetic storms. In this regard, PPP absolute positioning technology can be effective. However, another atmospheric effect – ionospheric scintillation can have a significant impact on the accuracy of both GNSS positioning approaches. The main goal of this study was to analyze the effect of second-order ionospheric delay during geomagnetic storms and ionospheric scintillations on GNSS positioning using the PPP method. GNSS data corrected and uncorrected for higher-order ionospheric delay, respectively, were processed by the static PPP-AR method using the PRIDE-PPPAR ver.2.2.6 software for the selected periods of geomagnetic storms. From the analysis of the influence of second-order ionospheric errors, it follows that their values can reach almost 4 cm for first-frequency signals under different states of ionospheric disturbances for the GPS constellation and almost an order of magnitude less for the GNSS quadroconstellation. The appearance of stronger geomagnetic storms increases the second-order ionospheric errors by several millimeters.

THE ROLE OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS IN THE TASKS OF MILITARY MEDICAL SUPPORT ON BATTLEFIELD

Paweł Szczepaniak — 2023-06-30

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the advantages and functionalities of the concept implemented for the needs of the Polish Armed Forces of using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) as a two-level unmanned reconnaissance and medical system designed to acquire and provide information about the health condition of soldiers injured on the battlefield, as well as to provide initial medical aid. The presented solution assumes the use of e.g. sensors, biosensors, RVT (Remote Video Terminal), audio devices, as well as analyzes performed using implemented algorithms and artificial intelligence. The article contains the characteristics of the battlefield medical support system along with its legal conditions and key principles, as well as an analysis of the design and system solutions available on the market used for this type of operational applications. Based on this, the appropriate place for the concept proposed by the authors was determined in military logistics structures.

AN ATTEMPT TO DETERMINE THE SCALE OF THE QUALITY OF PASSENGER SERVICE BY AIRLINES

Marek Kustra — 2023-06-30

The quality of standard passenger service by individual airlines is varies due to a subjective perception of expectations. It is mainly related to: handling label; on-board service; communication with passengers or broadly understood safety and security. The punctuality of the flight and relation between ticket price and service comfort as well as flight are also important here. The subject literature does not specify the scale of measuring this quality. The material introduces the methodology of this issue, specifying the appropriate measures and their weights. All in all, this allows to develop specific standards for individual levels. Such a specific valuation can be used to advertise your airline and demonstrate competition between them in a globalized market. The analysis of the result obtained allows to take action to improve the quality of services and implement them. Hence, the purpose of this article is to indicate the experimental development of the methodology for measuring the service of passengers who use airlines.

THE CONCEPT OF DISRUPTING ANTI-RADIATION MISSILES IN A RADAR DECOY SYSTEM

Anna Ślesicka — 2023-06-30

The ongoing armed conflicts in the world today demonstrate the huge role of electronic reconnaissance, which is becoming one of the primary sources of data on the enemy and the area of operations. One of the tools of radioelectronic warfare, which includes electronic reconnaissance, are radiolocation stations, which play a key role in detecting, tracking and identifying enemy aircraft and in directing armaments to combat these threats. The enemy’s own radiolocation stations are also targeted. The missiles used to do this are called anti-radar missiles (ARM). One way to defend against them is to modify the electromagnetic field around the protected radar. The purpose of this article was to present a model of coherent interference of an anti-radiation missile in a radar trap system The authors applied an analysis of the available literature and carried out computer simulations in the MATLAB environment. In conclusion, the important role played by radar decoys on today’s battlefield was pointed out.

FLIGHT TRAINERS AND SIMULATORS – DEFINITIONAL PROBLEMS

Dariusz Bogusz — 2023-06-30

The article presents the definition problem related to flight trainers and simulators. Modern teaching aids, such as aircraft trainers and simulators, enable good acquisition of knowledge, as well as the safety of aviation training and the preparation of military pilots to perform combat tasks. Despite many studies, there is no scientific definition of a flight simulator and trainer, which is the basis for understanding the terms during research in the discipline of safety sciences in the field of aviation. The problem situation resulted from the interchangeable use of the terms simulator and flight trainer. Apart from the divisions and classifications resulting from the specifications for certification of these devices by the relevant aviation authorities (also presented in the article), there is no scientific definition of a flight trainer and a flight simulator, and these terms are used interchangeably. The aim of the article is to create a scientific definition of a flight simulator and trainer. Theoretical and empirical methods were used.

ACTIVITIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL RESCUE ORGANIZATIONS IN POLAND ON THE EXAMPLE OF TATRA MOUNTAINS VOLUNTEER RESCUE SERVICE

Sławomi ŻURAWSKI — 2023-06-30

The purpose of this article is to characterize the activities of non-governmental organizations on the example of the Tatra Mountains Volunteer Rescue Service. The purpose was also to determine the impact of the activities of these organizations, on building the internal security of the
state and the sense of security of citizens. The first part describes non-governmental organizations, their role for modern states and the legal framework in which they operate, as well as defining them. Subsequently, organizations operating as social rescue organizations are distinguished, their characteristics, example entities,
as well as their participation in crisis management
are presented. The main part focuses on mountain rescue, discussing its activities, taking as an example the interventions undertaken by the Tatra Voluntary Rescue Service in 2022. The main problem was formulated: How does the activity of social rescue organizations affect the
construction of internal security of the state and the sense of security of citizens? For the research problem formulated in this way, the following research hypothesis was adopted: The incidents recorded in recent years and the effective activity of TOPR in the face of the incidents that have occurred, is clear evidence of the impact of this type of organization on the level of internal security of the state and the sense of security of citizens. Qualitative methods were used to obtain answers to the research problem posed. The study made use of the latest statistics on the activities of social emergency organizations presented in documents and reports in 2018–2022, and an analysis based on scientific articles from recent years was conducted. Information was also obtained from national legal acts.

SELECTED ASPECTS OF CYBERSECURITY IN CIVIL AVIATION

Edyta Szczepaniuk — 2023-06-30

Civil aviation is one of the most important elements of the global transport infrastructure, which plays a crucial role in transporting passengers and goods. The development of new technologies and current directions in digital transformation mean that an increasing number of areas within civil aviation are critically dependent on the secure functioning of computer systems. These dependencies increase the risk of cyberattacks, which can lead to serious consequences for the aviation sector and passenger safety. Therefore, cybersecurity is one of the significant challenges for civil aviation and is an important research topic. The article aims to present the issues of cybersecurity in civil aviation, taking into account the threats, legal framework, and requirements of the national cybersecurity system of the Republic of Poland. In order to achieve the adopted research objective, the analysis and synthesis of the literature on the subject, legal acts, and statistical data were used. The research results prove that cybersecurity in civil aviation is an interdisciplinary issue that requires a systemic approach and considers both safety and security aspects. The article proposes a classification of threats to cybersecurity in civil aviation, which can be developed both in the area of exposed threats and additional division criteria. Statistical data analysis has shown that recently there has been an increase in the number of data breaches, ransomware attacks, and DDoS attacks on civil aviation. Due to the growing risk of cyberattacks, a number of cybersecurity measures have been taken. The paper presents the legal framework of cybersecurity in civil aviation, which includes international, regional, and national regulations. Strategic documents, norms, standards, and industry solutions are also of key importance. Civil aviation is also an element of the national cybersecurity system of the Republic of Poland, which determines the need to meet specific requirements by the entities involved.

IRREGULARITIES IN THE PROCESS OF AWARDING PUBLIC CONTRACTS CO-FINANCED BY RESOURCES FROM THE BUDGET OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Małgorzata Wilczyńska — 2023-06-21

A properly and reliably functioning system of public procurement ensures the economic security of the state because the expenditure of public funds is carried out in an economical, economic, transparent and effective manner. Issues related to the award of public contracts co-financed by the resources from the budget of the European Union are extremely important from the point of view of the domestic economy. Due to the size of the public procurement market and the number of contracts carried out annually, it is inevitable that procurement irregularities will occur. The rules and procedure for awarding public contracts, legal remedies, rules for supervision and control of public procurement, rules for the contract concluded as a result of the conducted procedure are specified in the provisions of the Government Procurement in Poland. Public procurement is formalized. Both the contracting authority and the economic operator must act in a specific way and meet the requirements defined in the regulations. An important task for the beneficiaries of EU funds is to comply with the applicable rules of public procurement. In connection with the above, an important research problem remains the identification of irregularities occurring at individual stages of public procurement. The aim of the article is to present the basic irregularities related to the procedures for awarding public contracts co-financed from the EU budget. The article presents the legal basis regulating the process of awarding public contracts and the system of control and supervision over giving them.

GROB 120 FLIGHT TRAINING SYSTEM

Dariusz Bogusz — 2023-03-29

The cost-effectiveness of the training of flying personnel is one of the determinants of the choice of a flight training platform for military pilots in the world. Attempts to optimize the costs of flight training for military pilots have led to the widespread use of synthetic training and modern avionics from the initial stages of flight training. One such example is the Grob 120 TP flight training system. The German manufacturer introduced the G 120 TP platform with a digital avionics and dedicated simulators and network solutions to the training. The aim of the article is to identify the latest aviation training solutions on the example of the Grob G 120TP platform.

SELECTED ACTIVITIES STRENGTHENING DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AS PART OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SENDAI FRAMEWORK

Krzysztof Goniewicz — 2023-03-27

Nowadays, weather conditions are becoming more extreme and dangerous. Along with climate change, the vulnerability of societies and individual regions to the risk of various types of threats also increases. The Sendai Disaster Risk Reduction Framework 2015–2030 is the first global policy framework of the post-2015 UN program. In Poland, as in the world, the issue of public health, including crisis response, seems to be a key aspect that should be addressed as part of the program approach of reducing the risk associated with natural disasters. An urgent and important task is to develop a risk management plan at the country level, which will include not only a diagnosis in the area of disaster risk but will also define the current administrative and organizational capabilities, as well as available technical and financial resources. The aim of the article was to present initiatives related to responding to natural disasters undertaken in Poland as part of the implementation of the Sendai program. The aim of the article was to present the initiative in connection with the response to hazards and disasters in Poland under the Sendai framework. A review of legal and organizational documents as well as scientific literature related to the analyzed issue
was conducted.

HISTORY AND MODERNITY OF TRANSPORT AVIATION IN MAŁOPOLSKA

Jerzy Kuck — 2023-03-25

The aim of the study is to analyze the origin, development and functioning of aviation in Małopolska, with particular emphasis on transport aviation from its inception to the present. By analyzing and characterizing this aviation, its specificity, place and impact on the functioning of the armed forces and the national economy were shown by simultaneous presentation of tasks. The silhouettes of aircraft and their characteristics as well as tasks and their capabilities were also presented. In the summary, one of the research methods was used – a synthesis, that allowed to present generalizing conclusions summarizing the activities of aviation, especially transport aviation stationed in Małopolska.

HIERARCHIES VERSUS NETWORKS. THE IMPORTANCE OF LEADERLESS RESISTANCE IN THE NETWAR

Elżbieta Posłuszna — 2023-03-20

The article is a polemic with the statement that netwar, due to the use of non-military means (including information and cybernetic tools) and the involvement of non-centralized, socially recruited and recruiting themselves individuals and groups, is a conflict of relatively low intensity, and therefore does not pose a significant threat to the security of states and societies. Such a statement, according to the author, is at least risky. It does not take into account either the strong social mobilization resulting from the possibility of attracting a broad, global audience ”or the issue”, or the growing importance of new organizational forms – new network models, more secure (if we take into account resistance to surveillance) and effective (if take into account the ability to inflict high losses with the participation of a minimum of involved resources) than the existing hierarchical structures taking part in the fight.

ANALYSIS OF A SELECTED PARAGLIDING ACCIDENT INCLUDING RELEVANT AND ACCOMPANYING DRIVERS

Agnieszka Chmielewska — 2023-02-14

The aim of the article was to analyze a selected an aviation accident and present the basic definitions: relevant and accompanying driver, which, according to the author, are an introduction to determining the causes stimulate the character and dynamics of the course of each air accident. The author used literature analysis and secondary analysis of documents. It was pointed out that forensic experts face completely new challenges in the field of accident investigation methods. In the main part of the article, the author drew attention to the very long period of time (i.e. about 10 years) of conducting proceedings by national security authorities in this particular paragliding accident. To sum up, the important role of relevant and accompanying drivers in the reconstruction of an aviation accident and their impact on safety management
was pointed out.